InhaltsangabeThe Main Types of Groundwater Base-Level.- Factors Controlling Base-Level Elevation Changes.- Methods and Techniques to Define Base-Level Elevation and to Measure and Assess the Effect of Their Variation on Adjoining Groundwater Systems.- Capturing of Groundwater Basins and Shifts of Divides.- Salinity, Salination and Freshening of the Different Base-Levels and Their Adjoining Groundwater Systems.- Paleo, Current and Future Marine Base-Levels.- Characteristics of Current Continental Endorheic Base-Levels.- Current Continental Base-Levels Above Sea Level.- Current Continental Base-Levels Below Sea Level and Distant from the Sea.- Current Continental Base-Levels Below Sea Level, Located Close to the Sea.

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Introduction.-The main types of groundwater base-levels.- Factors controlling base- level elevation changes.- General.- Global, regional and local climate changes.- Tectonic movements.- Isostatic and glacio- isostatic movements.- Land subsidence through compaction and dewatering.- Groundwater cones of depression caused by natural process of evapotranspiration.- Groundwater cones of depression caused by groundwater exploitation.- Methods and techniques to define base-level elevation and to measure and assess.- The effect of their variation on adjoining groundwater systems.- Base level elevation.- Current ground level measurements.- Current sea and lake level measurements.- Paleo- and historic shorelines.- Methods to determine groundwater systems'' response to base- level changes.- Current field measurements.- Indirect estimation.- Hydrological simulations.- Capturing of groundwater basins and shifts of divides.- General.- Climate changes.- Tectonically induced base-level elevation changes.- Karst systems.- Stream piracy by groundwater sapping.- Groundwater exploitation.- Salinity, salination, and freshening of the different base-levels and their adjoining groundwater systems.- General.- The global marine base-level.- Base- level salinity.- Adjoining groundwater systems salinity.- Continental endorheic base-levels, distant from the sea.- Base-level salinity.- Adjoining groundwater systems salinity.- Flow- through, intermediate, base-levels.- Base-level salinity.-Adjoining groundwater systems salinity.- Salinity of endorheic base-levels below sea level, close to the sea.- Freshening of coastal aquifers.- Paleo- and current marine base-levels.- General.- The Neogene marine Mediterranean base-level.- The Black Sea Neogene to Holocene base-levels.-Quaternary and Holocene marine base-levels.- Current marine base-levels.- Characteristics of current continental endorheic base-levels.- Current continental base-levels above sea level.- General.- Lake Chad Basin.- The Great Salt Lake Basin.- The Andean Altiplano Basin.- The Aral Sea Basin.- The Mono Lake Basin, California.- The Main Ethiopian Rift Basin.- Current continental base-levels below sea level and distant from the sea.- General.- The Great Artesian Basin and Lake Eyre Basin, Australia.- The Death Valley Basin.- Central Asia closed endorheic basins.- The Caspian Sea -Kara Bogaz Gol Basin.- Current continental base-levels below sea level, located close to the sea.- General.- The Dead Sea Rift endorheic base-level.- General.- Structure and tectonics.- The hydrological history of the Dead Sea Rift endorheic base-level.- Current groundwater flow regime.- Water salinities of the Dead Sea Rift base-levels and their adjoining groundwater systems.- The response of the groundwater systems to the Dead Sea base-level changes.- The Afar Depression-Lake Asal.- The Qattara Depression, Egypt.- The Salton Trough, USA.- The Chotts of Tunisia and Algeria.- The Sabkhat Ghuzayil and the Sirte Basin, Libya.- The Lago Enriquillo, Dominican Republic.- The Argentine Salinas close to the Atlantic coast.- Sebkha Paki Tah Depression, Morocco.- Salination mechanism.- Anowledgements.- Subject Index.