Franz Josef Land, Franz Joseph Land, or Francis Joseph''s Land is an archipelago located in the far north of Russia. It is found in the Arctic Ocean north of Novaya Zemlya and east of Svalbard, and is administered by Arkhangelsk Oblast. Franz Josef Land consists of 191 ice-covered islands with a total area of 16,134 km². It has no native inhabitants. At latitudes between 80.0° and 81.9° north, it is the most northerly group of islands associated with Eurasia. The extreme northernmost point is Cape Fligely on Rudolf Island. The archipelago is only 900 to 1,110 km (560 to 690 statute miles) from the North Pole, and the northernmost islands are closer to the Pole than any other land except for Canada''s Ellesmere Island and Greenland. The archipelago was possibly first discovered by the Norwegian sealers Nils Fredrik Rønnbeck and Aidijärvi aboard the schooner Spidsbergen in 1865 who, according to scarce reports, sailed eastward from Svalbard until they reached a new land, denoted Nordøst-Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen was the contemporary name of Svalbard). It is not known if they went ashore, and the new islands were soon forgotten.

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Introduction.-1. Pluripotent Human Stem Cells: An overview.-2. Complexity of Tumor Angiogenesis and Stem Cells.-3. Stem Cells like Astrocytes: Various Roles. Part I.Neuronal Stem Cells.-4. Neural Crest Cell-Derived Tumors: An Overview.-5. Therapeutic Neural Stem Cells for Brain Tumor Therapy.-6. Brain Tumors: Role of Neural Cancer Stem Cells. Part II.Gliomas.-7. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells with Phytochemicals: Inhibition of the Rat C6 Glioma Side Population by Curcumin.-8. Glioma Patients: Role of CD133 Stem Cell Antigen.-9. Cancer Stem Cells in Brain Gliomas.-10. Primary Glioma Spheroids: Advantage of Serum-Free Medium.-11. Tumorigenesis of Glioma-Initiating Cells: Role of Sox11.-12. Glioma-Initiating Cells: Interferon Treatment.-13. Is CD133 the Appropriate Stem Cell Marker for Glioma?-14. Cancer Stem Cells in Glioblastoma.-15. Glioblastoma-Derived Cancer Stem Cells: Treatment with Oncolytic Viruses.-16. Cancer Stem Cells in Medulloblastoma. Part III.Transplantation.-17. Transplantation of Embryonic Stem Cells Results in Reduced Brain Lesions.-18. Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Followed by Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Role of Adenosine A2A Receptor.-19. Umblical Cord Blood and Alpha-3 Fucosyl Transferase-Treated Haematopoietic Stem Cells for Transplantation.-20. Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell Therapy for Myocardial Infarction.-21. The Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ortheopedics. Index.